13.040.20 (Ambient atmospheres) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E2115-05 对儿童常用住宅和其它设施进行铅危害评定的标准指南

1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and other facilities frequented by children.1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and Other Facilities Frequented by Children

ASTM D7143-05 从室内材料/产品测定挥发性有机辐射用发射光电管的标准实施规程

Indoor materials/products are products or materials used for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected contribution of emissions from that material/product to the atmosphere of a given indoor environment. Emission data may also be used to compare and categorize different indoor materials/products of similar function. Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions generated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or NOx).1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most construction materials and many products used indoors. Objectives include:1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of building products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model room.1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower VOC emissions.1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from newly produced building products under defined climate conditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measurements on building products on-site in buildings. However, the procedure for such measurements is not described in this standard.1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of VOCs are described in Practice D 6196. Alternative sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and other carbonyls are described in Test Method D 5197.Note 18212;All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde can be analyzed by either Practice D 6196 or by Test Method D 5197.Note 28212;Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific objectives.Note 38212;Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be analyzed (for example, ammonia).1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appendix X2 of this practice.

Standard Practice for Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products

ASTM D7035-04 用感应耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定空气颗粒物中金属和类金属的标准试验方法

The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This standard has been promulgated in order to make available a method for making valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, and so forth. This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the mass concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Note 28212;For some elements the sampling and sample preparation steps described herein may be used for subsequent analysis by other means, for example, atomic absorption spectrometry or electroanalysis. The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air. Note 38212;Refer to Guide E 1370 for guidance on the development of appropriate exposure assessment and measurement strategies.1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection, sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area sampling.1.3 This method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.1.4 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable. However, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.1.5 The method is not applicable to the sampling of elemental mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

ASTM D7049-04 工作场所大气中金属切削液气溶胶的标准试验方法

This test method covers the gravimetric determination of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres. The test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology. The test method provides an extension to current nonstandardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols. The test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to remove any of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol adequately.5 The test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors. The test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres

ASTM D6271-04 评估环境烟草烟雾对茄呢醇基可吸入悬浮颗粒促成作用的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the sampling/analysis of respirable suspended particles (RSP) and the estimation of the RSP fraction attributable to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The test method is based on collection of total RSP on a membrane filter, extraction of the filter in methanol, and determination of solanesol, a C45 isoprenoid alcohol, by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection.1.2 This test method is compatible with the determinations of gravimetric RSP, ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), and fluorescent particulate matter (FPM) (see Test Methods D 5955), but does not require them. UVPM and FPM, which are based on the ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence of the filter extract, are also used to estimate the contribution of ETS to RSP.1.3 The sampling components consist of a 1.0-m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filter in a filter cassette connected on the inlet end to a particle size separating device and, on the outlet end, to a sampling pump. This test method is applicable to personal and area sampling.1.4 This test method is limited in sample duration only by the capacity of the membrane filter. The test method has been evaluated up to 24-h sample duration; a minimum sample duration of 1 h is recommended.1.5 Limits of detection (LOD) for this test method at a sampling rate of 2 L/min are 0.042 g/m3 for 1-h sample duration and 0.005 g/m3 for 8-h sample duration.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in .

Standard Test Method for Estimating Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Particles Based on Solanesol

ASTM E2267-04(2013) 独院附联式和独建式住宅性能规定和评价用标准指南; 室内空气质量

4.1 General Purpose and Intent : 4.1.1 This guide is to provide a standardized system for describing performance parameters of single-family attached and detached dwellings. The use of consensus performance standards for housing, can significantly contribute to the removal of barriers to the acceptance of traditional and innovative housing products and systems in the global marketplace. This guide in conjunction with the balance of the set of standard guides can also serve to improve communications between producers and consumers leading to enhanced quality and performance of housing. 4.1.2 This guide, in conjunction with the balance of the set of standard guides, will be useful to managers of housing procurement projects, homebuilders, designers, product manufacturers, and evaluation services. 4.2 Indoor Air Quality Issues: 4.2.1 The environment within a building impacts the health of the building occupants and their satisfaction with the space. While this guide only addresses indoor air quality, this aspect of the indoor environment is an important component of a performance approach to residential buildings. 4.2.2 The performance statements contained in this guide are relevant to the procurement of a range of built elements related to the indoor environment, including but not limited to the whole building, the exterior enclosure, HVAC subsystems, local exhaust subsystems, other ventilation subsystems and their components, filtration and air cleaning subsystems, and building materials and furnishings. 1.1 This guide contains suggested performance statements for single family residential buildings (attached and detached) that address indoor air quality performance including indoor air pollution and thermal comfort. These performance statements are not presented as proposed requirements, but are written in permissive language as suggestions that can be used in developing specifications to satisfy user needs. 1.2 This guide does not address other aspects of the indoor environment such as lighting and acoustics. 1.3 Performance statements addressing building ventilation and ventilation rates are also included in the standard, since it is premature to base performance only on indoor air pollution, that is, airborne contaminant concentrations. When health authorities have established contaminant concentration limits for residential environments, it may be possible to define indoor air quality performance in terms of contaminant concentrations rather than ventilation. 1.4 This guide is one in a series of guides containing performance statements for residential buildings that are intended for use in the procurement, specification and evaluation of one- and two-family dwellings. These companion standard guides include those noted in the Introduction above. 1.5 This guide also addresses a number of residential indoor air quality issues that can not be expressed as performance statements at this time. However, they are important enough to include in this guide to ......

Standard Guide for Specifying and Evaluating Performance of Single Family Attached and Detached Dwellingsmdash;Indoor Air Quality

ASTM E2267-04 独院附联式和独建式住宅性能规定和评价用标准指南.室内空气质量

General Purpose and Intent: 4.1.1 This standard guide is to provide a standardized system for describing performance parameters of single-family attached and detached dwellings. The use of consensus performance standards for housing, can significantly contribute to the removal of barriers to the acceptance of traditional and innovative housing products and systems in the global marketplace. This standard guide in conjunction with the balance of the set of standard guides can also serve to improve communications between producers and consumers leading to enhanced quality and performance of housing. 4.1.2 This standard guide, in conjunction with the balance of the set of standard guides, will be useful to managers of housing procurement projects, homebuilders, designers, product manufacturers, and evaluation services. Indoor Air Quality Issues: 4.2.1 The environment within a building impacts the health of the building occupants and their satisfaction with the space. While this standard only addresses indoor air quality, this aspect of the indoor environment is an important component of a performance approach to residential buildings. 4.2.2 The performance statements contained in this standard guide are relevant to the procurement of a range of built elements related to the indoor environment, including but not limited to the whole building, the exterior enclosure, HVAC subsystems, local exhaust subsystems, other ventilation subsystems and their components, filtration and air cleaning subsystems, and building materials and furnishings.1.1 This guide contains suggested performance statements for single family residential buildings (attached and detached) that address indoor air quality performance including indoor air pollution and thermal comfort. These performance statements are not presented as proposed requirements, but are written in permissive language as suggestions that can be used in developing specifications to satisfy user needs.1.2 This standard guide does not address other aspects of the indoor environment such as lighting and acoustics.1.3 Performance statements addressing building ventilation and ventilation rates are also included in the standard, since it is premature to base performance only on indoor air pollution, that is, airborne contaminant concentrations. When health authorities have established contaminant concentration limits for residential environments, it may be possible to define indoor air quality performance in terms of contaminant concentrations rather than ventilation.1.4 This standard guide is one in a series of guides containing performance statements for residential buildings that are intended for use in the procurement, specification and evaluation of one- and two-family dwellings. These companion standard guides include those noted in the Introduction above.1.5 This standard guide also addresses a number of residential indoor air quality issues that can not be expressed as performance statements at this time. However, they are important enough to include in this guide to at least raise the awareness of those involved in the process of procurement, specification and evaluation. These issues are addressed in .1.6 This standard guide does not include site planning objectives. However, certain issues addressing the relationship of building to site have been covered, and it is important that these few objectives not be construed as a comprehensive site specification.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulat......

Standard Guide for Specifying and Evaluating Performance of Single Family Attached and Detached Dwellings-Indoor Air Quality

ASTM E2267-03 独户附联式和独立式住宅性能规定和评价用标准指南.室内空气质量

1.1 This guide contains suggested performance statements for single family residential buildings (attached and detached) that address indoor air quality performance including indoor air pollution and thermal comfort. These performance statements are not presented as proposed requirements, but are written in permissive language as suggestions that can be used in developing specifications to satisfy user needs.1.2 This standard guide does not address other aspects of the indoor environment such as lighting and acoustics.1.3 Performance statements addressing building ventilation and ventilation rates are also included in the standard, since it is premature to base performance only on indoor air pollution, that is, airborne contaminant concentrations. When health authorities have established contaminant concentration limits for residential environments, it may be possible to define indoor air quality performance in terms of contaminant concentrations rather than ventilation.1.4 This standard guide is one in a series of guides containing performance statements for residential buildings that are intended for use in the procurement, specification and evaluation of one- and two-family dwellings. These companion standard guides include those noted in the Introduction above.1.5 This standard guide also addresses a number of residential indoor air quality issues that can not be expressed as performance statements at this time. However, they are important enough to include in this guide to at least raise the awareness of those involved in the process of procurement, specification and evaluation. These issues are addressed in .1.6 This standard guide does not include site planning objectives. However, certain issues addressing the relationship of building to site have been covered, and it is important that these few objectives not be construed as a comprehensive site specification.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Specifying and Evaluating Performance of Single Family Attached and Detached Dwellings-Indoor Air Quality

ASTM D6196-03 空气中挥发性有机化合物用吸附剂、取样和热解吸分析方法选择的标准实施规程

This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment. Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right. Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (6). Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds. In all three environments, in order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in particular, it is necessary to take measurements of air quality as part of an overall assessment in relation to mandatory requirements. The choices of sorbents, sampling method, and analytical methodology affect the efficiency of sorption, recovery, and quantification of individual VOCs. This practice is potentially effective for a wide range of volatile organic compounds found in air, over a wide range of volatilities and concentration levels. However, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling, recovery, analysis, and quality control for the measurement of a specific VOC of interest are within acceptable limits. Guidance for this evaluation is part of the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1), indoor (2) and workplace (3,4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.1.2 A complete listing of VOCs for which this practice has been tested, at least over part of the measurement range (1.6), is shown in Tables 1-9. For other compounds this practice shall be tested according to EN 1076 (pumped); Practice D 6246, ISO 16107, ANSI/ISEA 104, EN838 or EN 13528-1/EN 13528-2 (diffusive); or other appropriate validation protocols (Sections 13 and 14). (5,1)1.3 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent tube or tubes (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.1.4 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial diffusive samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial diffusive samplers.1.5 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes, for use in the sampling of a wide range of different volatile organic compounds, in the range 0 to 400176C (v.p. 15 to 0.01 kPa at 25176C).1.5.1 For pumped sampling, sorbent selection is based on breakthrough capacity. Single-b......

Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air

ASTM D5755-03 用石棉结构值表面负荷用透射电子显微镜对尘埃微真空取样和间接分析的标准试验方法

This microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis method is used for the general testing of non-airborne dust samples for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of dust that may be found on surfaces in buildings such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, carpet, etc. This test method provides an index of the surface loading of asbestos structures in the dust per unit area analyzed as derived from a quantitative TEM analysis. 5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the userrsquo;responsibility to make these determinations. 5.1.2 At present, no relationship has been established between asbestos-containing dust as measured by this test method and potential human exposure to airborne asbestos. Accordingly, the users should consider other available information in their interpretation of the data obtained from this test method. This definition of dust accepts all particles small enough to pass through a 1 mm (No. 18) screen. Thus, a single, large asbestos containing particle(s) (from the large end of the particle size distribution) dispersed during sample preparation may result in anomalously large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple independent samples are secured from the same area, and that a minimum of three samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to ( a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface.1.1.1 If an estimate of the asbestos mass is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D 5756.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos structures. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos.1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, electrostatic properties and other factors.1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined.1.4 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting from approximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre.1.4.1 The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disperse aggregated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters, or matrices that can be more accurately quantified by transmission electron microscopy. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the procedure described neither creates nor destroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of the mineral fibers.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr......

Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loading

ASTM D6196-03(2009) 空气中挥发性有机化合物用吸附剂、取样和热解吸分析方法选择的标准实施规程

This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment. Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right. Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (6). Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds. In all three environments, in order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in particular, it is necessary to take measurements of air quality as part of an overall assessment in relation to mandatory requirements. The choices of sorbents, sampling method, and analytical methodology affect the efficiency of sorption, recovery, and quantification of individual VOCs. This practice is potentially effective for a wide range of volatile organic compounds found in air, over a wide range of volatilities and concentration levels. However, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the sampling, recovery, analysis, and quality control for the measurement of a specific VOC of interest are within acceptable limits. Guidance for this evaluation is part of the scope of this practice.1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1) , indoor (2) and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment. 1.2 A complete listing of VOCs for which this practice has been tested, at least over part of the measurement range (1.6), is shown in Tables 1-9. For other compounds this practice shall be tested according to EN 1076 (pumped); Practice D 6246, ISO 16107, ANSI/ISEA 104, EN 838 or EN 13528-1/EN 13528-2 (diffusive); or other appropriate validation protocols (Sections 13 and 14). (5,1) 1.3 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent tube or tubes (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. 1.4 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial diffusive samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial diffusive samplers. 1.5 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes, for use in the sampling of a wide range of different volatile organic compounds boiling in the ran......

Standard Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Organic Compounds in Air

ASTM D5149-02 大气臭氧浓度的标准试验方法:化学发光乙烯的连续测量

Air quality standards for ozone have been promulgated by government authorities to protect the health and welfare of the public. Though ozone itself is a toxic material, it is often complex organic compounds that cause the symptoms of smog such as tearing and burning eyes. However, ozone is the predominant oxidant and is much more easily monitored than organic species. Since ozone concentrations are also correlated with other photochemical oxidant levels, it is the substance that is specified in air quality standards and regulations.1.1 This test method describes the sampling and continuous analysis of the ozone content of the atmosphere at concentrations of 20 to 2000 g of ozone/m3 (10 ppb (v) to 1 ppm (v)). 1.2 This test method is limited in application by its sensitivity to interferences as described below. This test method is not suitable for personal sampling because of instrument size and sensitivity to vibration and ambient temperature.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific precautionary statements are presented in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Continuous Measurement by Ethylene Chemiluminescence

ASTM D5756-02 用透射电子显微镜对尘埃中石棉质量浓度作微真空取样和间接分析的标准试验方法

This microvacuum sampling and indirect analysis method is used for the general testing of non-airborne dust samples for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of dust that may be found on surfaces in buildings, such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, carpet, etc. This test method provides an estimate of the mass surface loading of asbestos in the dust reported as either the mass of asbestos per unit area or as the mass of asbestos per mass of sampled dust as derived from a quantitative TEM analysis. 5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the userrsquo;responsibility to make these determinations. 5.1.2 At present, no relationship has been established between asbestos-containing dust as measured by this test method and potential human exposure to airborne asbestos. Accordingly, the users should consider other available information in their interpretation of the data obtained from this test method. This definition of dust accepts all particles small enough to pass through a 1 mm screen. Thus, a single, large asbestos-containing particle(s) (from the large end of the particle size distribution) disassembled during sample preparation may result in anomalously large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. Conversely, failure to disaggregate large particles may result in anomalously low asbestos mass surface loadings. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple independent samples be secured from the same area, and that a minimum of three samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to ( a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust, reported as either the mass of asbestos per unit area of sampled surface or as the mass of asbestos per mass of sampled dust.1.1.1 If an estimate of asbestos structure counts is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D 5755.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos.1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown. Variability of collection efficiency for any particular substrate and across different types of substrates is also unknown. The effects of sampling efficiency differences and variability on the interpretation of dust sampling measurements have not been determined.1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined.1.4 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos starting from approximately 0.24 pg of asbestos per square centimetre (assuming a minimum fiber dimension of 0.5 m by 0.025 956;m, see 17.8), but will vary with the analytical parameters noted in 17.8.1.4.1 The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disaggregate and disperse asbestos into fibrils and fiber bundles that can be more accurately identified, counted, and sized by transmission electron microscopy. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantitation may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the proced......

Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Mass Concentration

ASTM D5755-02 用透射电子显微镜对尘埃中石棉结构值浓度作微真空取样和间接分析的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a procedure to ( a) identify asbestos in dust and (b) provide an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos in the sampled dust reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface.1.1.1 If an estimate of the asbestos mass is to be determined, the user is referred to Test Method D 5756.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for sampling, by a microvacuum technique, non-airborne dust for levels of asbestos structures. The non-airborne sample is collected inside a standard filter membrane cassette from the sampling of a surface area for dust which may contain asbestos.1.2.1 This procedure uses a microvacuuming sampling technique. The collection efficiency of this technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, electrostatic properties and other factors.1.3 Asbestos identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about structure size is also determined.1.4 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting from approximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre.1.4.1 The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disperse aggregated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters, or matrices that can be more accurately quantified by transmission electron microscopy. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the procedure described neither creates nor destroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of the mineral fibers.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Concentrations

ASTM D6007-02(2008) 小尺度环境箱测定木制品释放气体中甲醛浓度的标准试验方法

Limitations on formaldehyde levels have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing. Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations. This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3 in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions: Conditioning of specimens prior to testing, Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber, Test chamber temperature and relative humidity, The Q/A ratio, and Air circulation within the chamber.1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air from wood products under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E 1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E 1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. Other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described. 1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume. 1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard values. Any values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Scale Chamber

ASTM D6007-02 用小型室测定空气中来自木制品的甲醛浓度的标准试验方法

Limitations on formaldehyde levels have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD Rules and Regulations 24 CFR 3280 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495 for housing units and building materials. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing. Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations. This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3 in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions: 4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing, 4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber, 4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity, 4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and 4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air from wood products under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E 1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E 1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. Other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described. 1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume.1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard values. Any values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Scale Chamber

ASTM D5149-02(2008) 大气臭氧浓度的标准试验方法:化学发光乙烯的连续测量

Air quality standards for ozone have been promulgated by government authorities to protect the health and welfare of the public. Though ozone itself is a toxic material, it is often complex organic compounds that cause the symptoms of smog such as tearing and burning eyes. However, ozone is the predominant oxidant and is much more easily monitored than organic species. Since ozone concentrations are also correlated with other photochemical oxidant levels, it is the substance that is specified in air quality standards and regulations.1.1 This test method describes the sampling and continuous analysis of the ozone content of the atmosphere at concentrations of 20 to 2000 μg of ozone/m3 (10 ppb (v) to 1 ppm (v)). 1.2 This test method is limited in application by its sensitivity to interferences as described below. This test method is not suitable for personal sampling because of instrument size and sensitivity to vibration and ambient temperature. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific precautionary statements are presented in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Ozone in the Atmosphere: Continuous Measurement by Ethylene Chemiluminescence

ASTM F1129-01 用含水泡沫控制不溶挥发性液体产生的蒸气危害的标准指南

This guide is intended as a general guide to the correct use of foams. Specific decisions on when or if foam should be used will depend on the circumstances and conditions of each spill situation. Polar solvent resistant AFFF can be applied to some water reactive chemicals with a medium expansion foam nozzle to extinguish a fire and to reduce toxic vapor release to the environment.1.1 This guide restricts itself to addressing the application of foam to water immiscible liquid and some water reactive compounds with boiling points above 15176;C for vapor control or fire suppression of land spill or contained spills on water.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 10.

Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids

ASTM D6670-01 室内材料/产品排放的挥发性有机物质的全室测定的标准实施规程

1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products (building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office and residential buildings.1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and determining their emission rates over a period of time.1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC emission testing.1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of VOC emissions, many of the general principles and procedures (such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen dioxide). Determination of aerosol and particle emissions is beyond the scope of this document.

Standard Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products

ASTM D2914-01(2007) 大气中二氧化硫含量的标准试验方法(韦斯特-盖克法)

Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8). These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2. Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 g/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 956;g/m 3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 g SO2/mL to 1.3 g SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 g SO2/mL to 1.4 g SO2/mL.1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 g SO2/mL(1), representing an air concentration of 25 g SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 g SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm. Note 1These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 g/m 3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4. Note 2Concentrations higher than 1000 g/m 3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.11.

Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)